Category Archives: Arthritis

The cause, prevention and treatment of arthritis

Overview of peppermint’s beneficial effects

Peppermint is one of the most commonly consumed herbs. That said, unless you drink peppermint tea, you might seldom encounter real peppermint, as the use of real peppermint in diverse products has been largely replaced by the use of less expensive, more easily obtained synthetic flavorings.

Of interest, rosemary is often mentioned as an herb useful in the treatment of inflammation. Peppermint is seldom mentioned in that regard, except in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. However, the primary active ingredient thought responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of rosemary is rosmarinic acid. Rosemary contains, on average, 38,000 ppm of rosmarinic acid. Peppermint contains, on average, 30,000 ppm of rosmarinic acid. As such, the general anti-inflammatory effects of rosemary might also be manifest by peppermint. Peppermint excels (and is included in Banjo) on account of both its flavor and the additional benefits it provides.

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Lemon peel inhibits NF-kB, reduces inflammation

Lemon peel is a rich source of nobiletin, found in this study to inhibit NF-kB. Inhibition of NF-kB was associated with a decrease in: NO production, PGE-2, and COX-2, each of which is an important mediator of pain and inflammation in arthritis.

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Dandelion reduces pain and inflammation

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) has a long history of use as a natural medicine for the relief of pain and inflammation. On investigating dandelion the researchers whose publication is summarized below demonstrated a diversity of effects attributable to an extract of dandelion, including a reduction in numerous markers of inflammation.The historic use of dandelion is thereby confirmed by modern research.

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Sunflower seeds may be effective for arthritis

Sunflower seeds are a rich source of alpha-amyrin palmitate. In the study briefly summarized below, administration of alpha-amyrin palmitate was shown to substantially improve arthritis in the animal model. This might account, in part, for the fact that sunflower seeds have long been used in traditional medicines – they reduce inflammation.

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Ginger – multiple effects reduce pain & inflammation

When properly administered, ginger offers greater potential for relief of pain and inflammation than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – but with fewer side effects – for several reasons.

Ginger directly inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and thereby acts as both a COX-I and COX-II inhibitor.

Ginger also inhibits 5-lipoxygenase by direct action – thereby inhibiting the production of leukotrienes. Leukotrienes are key regulators (promoters) of inflammation. They may be of particular importance in allergy and asthma, but are probably involved in promoting and sustaining inflammation generally. Recent studies suggest a role for leukotrienes in cancer, arthritis, pain perception, cardiovascular disease and neurological disease.

Ginger further exerts its anti-inflammatory and anti-pain effect by inhibiting expression of pro-inflammatory genes that encode cytokines, chemokines, and the inducible enzyme cyclooxygenase-2. Chief among these effects is its inhibition of NF-kB – the inflammation Master Switch.

Banjo delivers a combination of herbal extracts, including ginger extract, by means of a lozenge. By allowing the lozenge to dissolve in your mouth, active components (actives) are absorbed trans-mucosally (through the lining of the mouth.) This results in faster delivery of a higher concentration of actives to the bloodstream. Of perhaps greater significance, actives are not first subject to the harsh, destructive environment of the stomach, neither are they immediately destroyed by the liver (the “first pass” effect.)

The traditional means of administering ginger – as well as other medicinal herbs – was by chewing or eating. Of course both chewing and eating require that the product spend a substantial time in direct contact with the mucous membranes of the mouth. That might be important.

Most such products are now delivered by means of a gelatin capsule that is immediately swallowed, which may be one reason for the limited efficacy of such products. Banjo provides effective relief from pain and inflammation by employing an effective combination of agents, delivered so as to ensure maximum bio-availability.

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NF-kB activation in joint leads to cartilage destruction

Cartilage destruction is a hallmark feature of osteoarthritis. It is associated with elevated production of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). In addition, it is reported in the study briefly summarized below that the ability of cartilage to heal is severely limited in the presence of bFGF.

MMP-13 was found to be elevated in large part due to over-activation of NF-kB. This may in part account for the observation that cartilage healing is severely limited when joints are inflammed, but may progress rapidly once joint inflammation is relieved.

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Ginger extract reduces inflammation in arthritis

Ginger root extract was found to reduce inflammation in this study of cartilage cells in a pig model of arthritis.

Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) were both reduced within 24 hours after application of ginger root extract. Both are key pro-inflammatory agents thought to be important in the pain and inflammation of arthritis.

It is suggested that ginger root extract may play an important role in the future treatment of arthritis.

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Ginger an effective anti-inflammatory agent in arthritis

Ginger shown to reduce COX2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) – probably via inhibition of NF-kB.

Arthritis is characterized by joint inflammation that causes pain and results in cartilage destruction.

TNF-alpha plays a key role in the course and progression of arthritis. It is both a product and an activator of NF-kB. It is probably by means of this NF-kB activating effect that it leads to an increase in other pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as destructive enzymes – all of which means that TNF-alpha plays a central role in arthritis.

In the study summarized below, ginger was found to decrease the level of TNF-alpha while also reducing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and destructive enzymes.

A decrease in the level of activated NF-kB was also observed, which is the most likely mechanism by which ginger exerts its beneficial effects in arthritis.

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Synergy of multiple NF-kB inhibitors

Turmeric (curcumin) and resveratrol found to act synergistically in the treatment of arthritis.

This is an essential publication because it demonstrates that by combining different natural inhibitors of NF-kB, a greater anti-inflammatory effect may be achieved than is possible with either agent alone. The study further suggests that this might be especially true when the different agents act to inhibit NF-kB through different mechanisms.

By implication, the observed synergy will not be limited to the specific combination studied (curcumin + resveratrol.)

Banjo combines a number of different natural NF-kB inhibitors, each of which may act through a slightly different mechanism in the inhibition of NF-kB. While many of the individual agents might provide some benefit, Banjo is expected to provide a substantially greater benefit than any single agent. That possibility is confirmed by the study briefly summarized below.

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Ginger: ancient remedy, modern miracle

Ginger has been used safely for thousands of years in traditional and folk medicine. Advanced technology enables the validation of these traditional experiences.

The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) has evaluated the results of the available studies, rating the reports from “suggestive” (for short-term use of Ginger for safe relief from pregnancy related nausea and vomiting), to “mixed” (when used for nausea caused by motion sickness, chemotherapy, or surgery), and to “unclear” for treating rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or joint and muscle pain).

The scope of ginger’s use will soon be clearly identified and incorporated into mainstream therapeutic options, thereby integrating east and west, old with new, to render ginger as a true “Universal Remedy”.

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Neurotransmitters and inflammation

Acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, exerts an anti-inflammatory effect, probably by inhibiting NF-kB.

This may, at least in part, explain certain neurotransmitter imbalances and other central nervous system abnormalities associated with inflammatory conditions.

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Moderate exercise reduces joint inflammation

NF-kB is the master switch controlling response to exercise.

This is really quite interesting. Somehow, moderate exercise – through the transmission of physical forces in your joints – leads to the inhibition of NF-kB. The result is a decrease in inflammation.

However, if instead of being subject to the mechanical stress of moderate exercise, your joints are instead subject to a higher magnitude of physical forces – those physical forces transmitted to the joint (e.g. knee) activate NF-kB.

NF-kB is truly the Master switch of inflammation. It’s even mediating inflammation or anti-inflammation effects in response to physical forces on the knee.

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Subchondral bone inflamed in OA

Active inflammatory processes were found to be ongoing in the subchondral bone (the bone underneath the collagen) of those with osteoarthritis.

The suggestion is offered that this ‘deeper’ inflammation may be responsible for some substantial portion of cartilage damage witnessed in osteoarthritis.

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Genetics in osteoarthritis

In general, genetics play a weak role in the development of osteoarthritis.

The strongest genetic association is with FRZB – also known as “frizzled-related-protein-3″ – which is associated with hip osteoarthritis in women. Why might that be?

FRZB is an antagonist to (counter balances) the effects of the WNT pathway.

When there is a slight mutation at the gene coding for FRZB, the FRZB that the body produces is slightly defective – it does not do quite so good a job at inhibiting or counter-balancing WNT. Therefore, whatever WNT does – when FRZB is defective, WNT will do more of it. Got that?

What does WNT do? One thing it does is activate NF-kB.

So defective FRZB => more WNT activity => more NF-kB activity => hip osteoarthritis in women.

I have no idea why the hip – or why women.

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Garlic for inflammation

Garlic extract reduces inflammation via inhibition of NF-kB.

As is the case with many plant extracts, especially those with a history of medicinal use (such as garlic), the extract is found to be at least somewhat effective in the treatment of inflammation because it inhibits NF-kB.

I sincerely believe it would be difficult to find a fruit or vegetable that on close study would not be found to inhibit NF-kB. Nonetheless, this is presented as yet another example of NF-kB inhibition as both common and effective – efficacy being relative, of course (meaning it’s effective, but almost certainly quite weak.)

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Everything you need to know about osteoarthritis

NF-kB inhibition as the Holy Grail of osteoarthritis treatment

This is an essential publication because it really does tell us (nearly) everything we need to know in order to effectively treat osteoarthritis.

The publication referenced below lays it out – it’s very simple:

* Osteoarthritis is characterized by cartilage destruction and inflammation of the membrane that surrounds the joint (the synovium.)

* Cartilage destruction is the result of inflammation.

* The inflammation results from excess activation of NF-kB.

* Chondroitin sulfate works because it inhibits NF-kB.

The cause of osteoarthritis.

In chronological order:

Excess NF-kB activation => inflammation => joint destruction & pain

The root of the problem is obvious: Excess NF-kB activation.

The ideal treatment is obvious: Prevent excess NF-kB activation.

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Nitric oxide & NF-kB in osteoarthritis

The role of NO as either beneficial or detrimental in the arthritic joint has long been debated. NO appears to act in a very complex manner. However, the fact that it inhibits NF-kB and therefore serves an anti-inflammatoey roles suggests that NO inhibition may have detrimental effects in osteoarthritis.

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New glucosamine derivative acts by inhibiting NF-kB

Glucosamine is a weak inhibitor of NF-kB, and thus an anti-inflammatory agent with potential therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammation, such as in osteoarthritis.

A new derivative of glucosamine was examined it was likewise found to be an inhibitor of NF-kB.

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CNS regulation of peripheral inflammation

CNS regulation of peripheral inflammation, implications in fibromyalgia?

The central nervous system (CNS = brain and spinal cord) can regulate peripheral inflammation, but the pathways and mechanisms by which it does so remain unclear.

The study summarized below investigates the possibility that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) exerts an anti-inflammatory effect via binding to a specific receptor found primarily on the synovial lining of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis joints.

That possibility is confirmed by observations of reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine activity as a result of such binding.

While the authors suggest that the receptor identified in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis joints might be a potential target for drug development, I am curious if a similar mechanism might explain the connection between observed neurotransmitter abnormalities seen in fibromyalgia and the persistence of peripheral inflammation.

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NF-kB controls harmful bone resorption in OA

Excess activation of NF-kB leads to osteoclast over-activation and increased bone destruction in arthritis.

Healthy bone metabolism requires a balance between osteoclasts (break down and re-absorb bone) and osteoblasts (make new bone.)

Osteoclasts – the bone destroying cells – are over-active in many disease conditions that include bone destruction (such as osteoarthritis.)

In the study summarized below, it was found that excess NF-kB activation led to osteoclast over-activity.

The authors note that the NF-kB inhibitor parthenolide (a major active component in the herb feverfew) has shown a beneficial therapeutic effect in reducing inflammation induced bone destruction in a mouse model.

It is noted that NF-kB over-activation and associated osteoclast over-activity is also seen in Paget’s disease of bone, and periodontitis.

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